Never Again a Song to Remember the Holocaust Lyrics

Phrase associated with the Holocaust and other genocides

"Never once again" is a phrase or slogan which is associated with the Holocaust and other genocides. The phrase may originate from a 1927 poem by Yitzhak Lamdan which stated "Never once more shall Masada autumn!" In the context of genocide, the slogan was used by liberated prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp to express anti-fascist sentiment. The verbal pregnant of the phrase is debated, including whether it should be used every bit a particularistic command to avert a second Holocaust of Jews or whether information technology is a universalist injunction to foreclose all forms of genocide. Information technology was adopted as a slogan by Meir Kahane's Jewish Defence League.

The phrase is widely used by politicians and writers and it also appears on many Holocaust memorials. Information technology has also been appropriated equally a political slogan for other causes, from commemoration of the 1976 Argentine coup, the promotion of gun control or abortion rights, and every bit an injunction to fight against terrorism afterward the September 11 attacks.

Origins [edit]

During the liberation of Buchenwald, a sign states "Form the Antinazifront! Think the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis / Decease TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS"^[1]

The slogan "Never over again shall Masada fall!" is derived from a 1927 ballsy verse form, Masada, by Yitzhak Lamdan.^{[2] [3]} The verse form is most the siege of Masada, in which a grouping of Jewish rebels (the Sicarii) held out confronting Roman armies and, co-ordinate to fable, committed mass suicide rather than be captured. In Zionism, the story of Masada became a national myth and was lauded as an example of Jewish heroism. Considered one of the near significant examples of early Yishuv literature, Masada achieved massive popularity among Zionists in the land of Israel and in the Jewish diaspora. Masada became a part of the official Hebrew curriculum and the slogan became an unofficial national motto.^[4] In postwar State of israel, the behavior of Jews during the Holocaust was unfavorably contrasted with the behavior of the defenders of Masada:^{[2] [3]} the former were denigrated for having gone "like sheep to the slaughter" while the latter were praised for their heroic and resolute fight.^[5]

Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Deutschland and its allies murdered about six million Jews in a genocide which became known every bit the Holocaust.^{[half dozen]} The Nazi attempt to implement their final solution to the Jewish question took identify during World War 2 in Europe. The commencement use of the phrase "never again" in the context of the Holocaust was in April 1945 when newly liberated survivors at Buchenwald concentration camp displayed it in various languages on handmade signs.^{[7] [8]} Cultural studies scholars Diana I. Popescu and Tanja Schult write that there was initially a distinction between political prisoners, who invoked "never again" equally role of their fight against fascism, and Jewish survivors, whose imperative was to "never forget" their murdered relatives and destroyed communities. They write that the distinction has been blurred in the subsequent decades every bit the Holocaust was universalised.^[8] According to the Un, the Universal Declaration of Human being Rights was adopted in 1948 because "the international community vowed never again to allow" the atrocities of World War II, and the Genocide Convention was adopted the same year.^{[9] [ten]} Eric Sundquist notes that "the founding of Israel was predicated on the injunction to remember a history of destruction—the destruction of two Temples, exile and pogroms, and the Holocaust—and to ensure that such events will never happen again".^[2] The slogan "never again" was used on Israeli kibbutzim by the end of the 1940s, and was used in the Swedish documentary Mein Kampf [de] in 1961.^[11]

Definition [edit]

Never Once again! A Program for Survival (1972)

Co-ordinate to Hans Kellner, "Unpacking the semantic contents of 'Never Once more' would be an enormous task. Suffice it to say that this phrase, despite its not-imperative form equally a speech act, orders someone to resolve that something shall non happen for a 2d time. The someone, in the get-go instance, is a Jew; the something is usually called the Holocaust."^[12] Kellner suggests that it is related to the "biblical imperative of retention" (zakhor), in Deuteronomy v:15, "And call up that yard wast a servant in the land of Egypt, and that the Lord thy God brought thee out thence through a mighty mitt and past a stretched out arm." (In the bible, this refers to remembering and keeping Shabbat).^[12] It is also closely related to the biblical command in Exodus 23:nine: "Y'all shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, having yourselves been strangers in the state of Egypt."^[xiii]

The initial meaning of the phrase, used by Abba Kovner and other Holocaust survivors, was particular to the Jewish community but the phrase's meaning was later broadened to other genocides.^[thirteen] It is all the same a affair of debate whether "Never once again" refers primarily to Jews ("Never again can we allow Jews to be victims of another Holocaust") or whether it has a universal meaning ("Never once more shall the earth allow genocide to take identify anywhere against any group"). However, most politicians employ it in the latter sense.^[7] The phrase is used unremarkably in postwar German politics, but information technology has different meanings. According to i estimation, considering Nazism was a synthesis of preexisting aspects of German political idea and an extreme form of ethnic nationalism, all forms of German nationalism should exist rejected. Other politicians argue that the Nazis "misused" appeals to patriotism and that a new German identity should be congenital.^[xiv]

Writing about the phrase, Ellen Posman noted that "A past though often recent humiliation, and an emphasis on sometime victimhood, can lead to a communal desire for a prove of forcefulness that can easily turn violent."^[15] Meir Kahane, a far-correct rabbi, and his Jewish Defence force League popularized the phrase. To Kahane and his followers, "Never again" referred specifically to the Jews and its imperative to fight antisemitism was a call to arms that justified terrorism against perceived enemies.^{[11] [three] [sixteen]} The Jewish Defense League song included the passage "To our slaughtered brethren and lone widows: / Never again will our people'due south claret be shed by h2o, / Never once more will such things be heard in Judea." Later Kahane'due south death in 1990, Sholom Comay, president of the American Jewish Committee, said "Despite our considerable differences, Meir Kahane must e'er be remembered for the slogan 'Never Again,' which for so many became the boxing weep of post-Holocaust Jewry."^[eleven]

Gimmicky usage [edit]

According to Aaron Dorfman, "Since the Holocaust, the Jewish community's mental attitude toward preventing genocide has been summed upwards in the moral philosophy of 'Never Over again.'"^[13] What this meant was that the Jews would non allow themselves to be victimized.^[17] The phrase has been used in many official commemorations and appears on many Holocaust memorials and museums,^{[8] [ii]} including memorials at Treblinka extermination camp^[two] and Dachau concentration campsite,^[xviii] every bit well as in commemoration of the Rwanda genocide.^[19]

It is in wide use by Holocaust survivors, politicians, writers, and other commentators, who invoke it for a diverseness of purposes.^{[7] [19]} In 2012, Elie Wiesel wrote: "'Never again' becomes more than a slogan: It's a prayer, a promise, a vow... never again the glorification of base, ugly, night violence." The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum made the phrase, in its universal sense, the theme of its 2013 Days of Remembrance, urging people to look out for the "alarm signs" of genocide.^[xi]

In 2016, Samuel Totten suggested that the "one time powerful admonition [has] become a cliché" because it is repeatedly used even as genocides continue to occur, and condemnation of genocide tends to just occur after information technology is already over.^[7] For an increasing number of critics, the phrase has become empty and overused.^[8] Others, including Adama Dieng, have noted that genocide has continued to occur, non never once more but "time and again" or "again and again" after World War Ii.^{[9] [20] [21] [19] [7] [17]} In 2020, several critics of the Chinese authorities used the phrase to refer to the perceived lack of international reaction to the Uyghur genocide.^{[22] [23] [24] [25]} On 1 March 2022, after the Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Centre was hit by Russian missiles and shells during the battle of Kyiv, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy argued that "never over again" means not being silent nearly Russia'south assailment, lest history echo itself.^[26]

Multiple United States presidents, including Jimmy Carter in 1979, Ronald Reagan in 1984, George H. West. Bush in 1991, Bill Clinton in 1993, and Barack Obama in 2011, accept promised that the Holocaust would non happen once again, and that activity would be forthcoming to stop genocide.^{[19] [ix] [11]} However, genocide occurred during their presidencies: Cambodia in Carter's case, Anfal genocide during Reagan'southward presidency, Bosnia for Bush-league and Clinton, Rwanda under Clinton, and Yazidi genocide for Obama.^{[27] [ix]} Elie Wiesel wrote that if "never again" were upheld "there would exist no Kingdom of cambodia, and no Rwanda and no Darfur and no Bosnia."^[28] Totten argued that the phrase would just recover its gravitas if "no one simply those who are truly serious virtually preventing another Holocaust" invoked it.^[7]

Other uses [edit]

In Argentina, the phrase Nunca más (never more) is used in annual commemorations of the 1976 Argentine insurrection, to emphasize continued opposition to military coups, dictatorship, and political violence, and a commitment to republic and human being rights.^{[29] [30]} "Never again" has also been used in celebration of Japanese American internment and the Chinese Exclusion Act.^[11]

Later on the September 11 attacks, President George W. Bush declared that terrorism would be allowed to triumph "never over again". He referenced the phrase when defending the trial of non-citizens in war machine courts for terrorism-related offenses and mass surveillance policies adopted by his administration. Bush commented, "Foreign terrorists and agents must never over again exist immune to utilise our freedoms against u.s.." His words echoed a spoken communication that his male parent had given later winning the Gulf War: "never again be held earnest to the darker side of human nature".^[31]

The phrase has been used by political advocacy groups Never Once again Activity, which opposes clearing detention in the United States, and by Never Again MSD, a group that campaigns against gun violence in the wake of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.^{[11] [32]}

See also [edit]

• Responsibility to protect
• The war to end war
• Never forget
• Lest we forget

References [edit]

1. ^ "A sign posted [probably in Buchenwald] that says, "Class the Antinazifront! Recall the Millions of victims Murdered by the Nazis/ Death TO THE NAZI CRIMINALS." - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". collections.ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Sundquist, Eric J. (2009). Strangers in the Country: Blacks, Jews, Post-Holocaust America. Harvard University Printing. p. 601. ISBN978-0-674-04414-two. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Philologos (6 May 2020). "What Is the Source of the Phrase "Never Once more"?". Mosaic Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
4. ^ Zerubavel, Yael (1995). Recovered Roots: Collective Retentiveness and the Making of Israeli National Tradition. University of Chicago Press. pp. 69, 116, 258. ISBN978-0-226-98157-4. Archived from the original on nine July 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
5. ^ Feldman, Yael S. (2013). ""Not as Sheep Led to Slaughter"? On Trauma, Selective Memory, and the Making of Historical Consciousness". Jewish Social Studies. 19 (iii): 139–169. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.139. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 10.2979/jewisocistud.19.three.139. S2CID 162015828.
6. ^ "Introduction to the Holocaust". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 12 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Totten, Samuel (2016). "What Well-nigh "Other" Genocides? An Educator's Dilemma or an Educator'south Opportunity?". Essentials of Holocaust Educational activity: Fundamental Issues and Approaches. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN978-one-317-64808-six. Archived from the original on i February 2022. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Popescu, Diana I.; Schult, Tanja (2019). "Performative Holocaust commemoration in the 21st century". Holocaust Studies. 26 (2): 135–136. doi:10.1080/17504902.2019.1578452.
9. ^ ^{a b c d} Ability, Samantha (1998). "Never Again: The Globe's Nigh Unfullfilled Hope | The World's Near Wanted Man". Frontline. PBS. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
10. ^ "Universal Declaration". Un. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
11. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g} "How the Holocaust motto Never Again became a rallying cry for gun control". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 8 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved vi May 2020.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kellner, Hans (1994). ""Never Once more" is Now". History and Theory. 33 (2): 127–128. doi:x.2307/2505381. ISSN 0018-2656. JSTOR 2505381.
13. ^ ^{a b c} Dorfman, Aaron. "Responding to Genocide". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
14. ^ Art, David (2005). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Deutschland and Austria. Cambridge Academy Press. p. 20. ISBN978-one-139-44883-three. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
15. ^ Posman, Ellen (2011). "Introduction: Never Again". In Potato, Andrew R. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-i-4443-9573-0. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved nineteen October 2020.
16. ^ School, Lee C. Bollinger Dean University of Michigan Law (1986). The Tolerant Society. Oxford University Printing, USA. p. 274. ISBN978-0-19-802104-ix. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b} Gubkin, Liora (2007). You lot Shall Tell Your Children: Holocaust Memory in American Passover Ritual. Rutgers University Press. p. 117. ISBN978-0-8135-4390-1. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
18. ^ Baer, Alejandro; Sznaider, Natan (2016). Memory and Forgetting in the Mail-Holocaust Era: The Ethics of Never Once more. Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-03375-2. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
19. ^ ^{a b c d} Buettner, Angi (2016). "Never again: Rwanda, genocide, and the Holocaust". Holocaust Images and Picturing Ending: The Cultural Politics of Seeing. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN978-ane-351-93052-9. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
20. ^ "Genocide: "Never again" has go "fourth dimension and again"". Office of the Un High Commissioner for Homo Rights. eighteen September 2018. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
21. ^ McCallum, Luke (6 Apr 2019). "Publications". International Clan of Genocide Scholars. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved vii May 2020. The twentieth century has been called "The Historic period of Genocide." In the aftermath of the Holocaust, the slogan "never once more" was coined; yet since 1945 we accept seen the mass slaughter of Bengalis, Cambodians, Rwandans, Bosnians, Kosovars, and Darfuris, to proper name only a few.
22. ^ Ibrahim, Azeem (three December 2019). "Cathay Must Reply for Cultural Genocide in Court". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
23. ^ Dolkun, Isa (14 September 2020). "Europe said 'never once again.' Why is it silent on Uighur genocide?". Politico. Archived from the original on three March 2021. Retrieved iii February 2021.
24. ^ Sartor, Nina (3 December 2020). ""Never Again" all over again". The Silhouette. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved three Feb 2021.
25. ^ Kaye, Jonah (23 Baronial 2020). "Uyghur Camps And The Pregnant Of 'Never Again'". The Detroit Jewish News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
26. ^ Harkov, Lahav (ane March 2022). "Russia strikes Babyn Yar Holocaust memorial site in Ukraine". The Jerusalem Mail . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
27. ^ Fishel, Justin (17 March 2016). "ISIS Has Committed Genocide, Obama Administration Declares". ABC News. Archived from the original on ten January 2020. Retrieved seven May 2020.
28. ^ Rieff, David (one February 2011). "The Persistence of Genocide". Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on 23 Apr 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
29. ^ Fernández Meijide, Graciela (24 March 2020). ""Nunca más", united nations compromiso vigente". Infobae (in European Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
30. ^ "Día de la Memoria en Argentina: el necesario recuerdo de la dictadura". France 24. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved vi May 2020.
31. ^ Schneider, Rebecca (2006). "Never, Again". In Hamera, Judith A. (ed.). The SAGE Handbook of Performance Studies. SAGE. p. 25. ISBN978-0-7619-2931-4. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 19 Oct 2020.
32. ^ "Jews Protesting Detention Centers: Inside Never Once again Action". Jewish Journal. 17 July 2019. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

External links [edit]

mortensenprect1936.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_again

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